Martin Luther Wilson was born around 1836 in DeWitt, New York, to George Wilson and Betsey Brown. His father was a laborer. By 1850, the family was living in Pompey, New York. A decade later, Wilson was working as a sailor. He may have gotten married on October 12, 1861. He enlisted in the Union army on August 2, 1862, and mustered in as a sergeant in Company A of the 122nd New York Infantry two days later. According to his service records, he was 5 feet, 6 inches tall, with black hair, black hair, and a dark complexion.
The regiment took part in the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Gettysburg, and the Battle of the Wilderness, and he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on September 19, 1863. He was severely wounded in the shoulder at the Wilderness on May 6, 1864, and he died in a hospital in Georgetown, D.C., on June 19, 1864.