William Henry Scarbrough was born around 1842 in Pennsylvania to James and Elizabeth Scarbrough. His father was a farmer who owned $4,720 of real estate and $1,910 of personal property by 1860. The family moved to Liberty, Ohio, in the 1840s, and Scarbrough attended school there.
He enlisted in the Union army on August 12, 1862, and he mustered in as a private in Company B of the 96th Ohio Infantry one week later. The regiment took part in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, the Battle of Port Gibson, the siege of Vicksburg, the siege of Jackson, the Red River campaign, the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads, and the Battle of Fort Blakely. He was promoted to corporal on April 11, 1863, and then to sergeant on December 22, 1863. He was wounded at some point during the war and may have lost a finger. He mustered out on July 7, 1865.
Scarbrough returned to Liberty after the war, and he married Susan Dalrymple there on September 7, 1868. The couple apparently had no children. He worked as a farmer in Liberty, and by 1870, he owned $1,400 of personal property. His wife died sometime in the 1870s. By 1880, he was living with her relatives in Liberty. He applied for a federal pension in January 1880 and eventually secured one.
He married a woman named Kate around 1881, and their son Lewis was born around 1883. He died in Ohio on January 28, 1904.