Chauncey Child Dean was born on May 17, 1843, in Chelsea, Massachusetts, to Samuel and Adelaide Dean. By 1860, he was living in Roxbury, Massachusetts. He worked as a musician in the early 1860s. On February 20, 1862, he received a commission as a 2nd lieutenant in Company I of the 30th Massachusetts Infantry. In the spring of 1864, he was promoted to captain in the 93rd USCT Infantry. Army officials transferred him to the 81st USCT Infantry on July 10, 1865, and he mustered out on November 30, 1866. He later received a brevet promotion to major.
He settled in Boston, Massachusetts, after the war. He married Emma H. Quindley on June 10, 1865, and they had at least two children: Lewis, born around 1865; and Grace, born around 1868. By 1870, he was serving as deputy state constable. A decade later, in was working in the Boston custom house. He died of Bright’s disease in Boston on May 18, 1889.