Stephen Rich was born around 1834 in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to Stephen Rich and Nancy Adams. By the early 1860s, he was working as a carpenter in Gloucester. He married Augusta Plumer on November 24, 1861, and they had at least six children: Charles, born around 1866; Fanny, born around 1872; Alice, born around 1874; Nancy, born around 1877; William, born around 1879; and Frank, born around 1884.
He enlisted in the Union army on April 15, 1861, and he mustered in as a sergeant in Company G of the 8th Massachusetts Militia Infantry later that month. He mustered out on August 1, 1861. He received a commission as a 2nd lieutenant in Company D of the 32nd Massachusetts Infantry in December 1861. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant in May 1862 and then to captain in August 1862. He mustered out on November 17, 1864.
He returned to Gloucester after leaving the army, and he resumed his work as a carpenter. He died in Gloucester of “carcinoma of [the] esophagus” on July 24, 1908.