Samuel B. Daubenheyer was born on May 2, 1844, in Indiana to Peter and Nancy Daubenheyer. His father was a farmer who owned $2,500 of real estate and $300 of personal property by 1860. The family lived in Ohio County, Indiana, until the 1850s, when they moved to Shelby, Indiana.
He enlisted in the Union army, and he mustered in as a private in Company F of the 83rd Indiana Infantry on August 15, 1862. The regiment took part in the Vicksburg campaign, the Chattanooga campaign, and the Atlanta campaign. He eventually earned a promotion to sergeant. He supported Democratic candidate George B. McClellan in the presidential election of 1864. Confederate forces captured him in July 1864 and imprisoned him at Andersonville. He was exchanged in April 1865, and he mustered out on June 19, 1865.
He returned to Shelby after the war, and he earned a living as a teacher. He married a woman named Catharine around 1871, and they had at least two children: Charles, born around 1875; and Miles, born around 1875. He applied for a federal pension in June 1880 and eventually received one. He died in Toledo, Ohio, on February 26, 1926.