Joseph Alexander Dale was born around 1821 in Burke County, North Carolina, to Alexander Dale. His father was a farmer who owned $150 of personal property by 1850. Dale grew up in Burke County, and he married Catherine Clark around 1844. They had at least nine children: Eliza, born around 1844; Margaret, born around 1846; Martha, born around 1848; Jane, born around 1849; James, born around 1851; Letty, born around 1853; Asaph, born around 1854; Ahimaaz, born around 1856; and Ida, born around 1862.
Dale worked as a farmer, and in 1850, he owned $30 of real estate. A decade later, he owned $280 of personal property. Dale enlisted in the Confederate army on October 7, 1861, and mustered in as a private in Company F of the 3rd North Carolina Cavalry later that day. According to his service records, he was 5 feet, 10 inches tall. He mustered out on March 4, 1862. He returned to Burke County after leaving the army, and by 1870, he owned $300 of real estate and $420 of personal property. He died in Burke County on March 20, 1891.