William B. Cauble was born on September 12, 1830, in Indiana to Peter Cauble and Margaret Brown. His father was a farmer who owned $5,000 of real estate in 1850. Cauble probably grew up in Washington, Indiana, and by 1850, he was working as a farmer. A decade later, he was working as a master carpenter, and he owned $3,000 of real estate and $150 of personal property.
He married Margaret E. Louder on March 11, 1868, and they had at least three children: Franklin, born around 1870; Thomas, born around 1874; and Peter, born around 1876. They lived in Pierce, Indiana, and by 1870, they owned $3,400 of real estate and $700 of personal property. His wife died on July 9, 1896. He remained in Pierce, and he retired sometime in the early 1900s. He died in Pierce on November 28, 1914.