Samuel Nye Yeoman was born on October 14, 1828, in Fayette County, Ohio, to Samuel and Asenath Yeoman. His father was a merchant who owned $4,000 of real estate by 1850. He grew up in Fayette County, and he married Susan Medora Comly on June 21, 1853. The couple apparently had no children. They lived in Washington, Ohio, and Yeoman worked as a merchant.
He received a commission as a captain in the 90th Ohio Infantry on July 16, 1862. The regiment took part in the Battle of Perryville, the Battle of Stones River, the Battle of Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga, the Atlanta campaign, and the Battle of Nashville. He was promoted to major on August 10, 1862, and then to lieutenant colonel on April 14, 1863. He remained devoted to the Union. In March 1865, he celebrated the "Patriotic People at home who have allreadey done so much to aid in assuring the success of our cause." He mustered out on June 13, 1865.
He settled in Union, Ohio, after leaving the army, and he earned a living as a dry goods merchant. By 1870, he owned $34,000 of real estate and $75,000 of personal property. He died on July 18, 1890.