James Burtwell was born on July 17, 1842, in Florence, Alabama, to John and Cornelia Burtwell. His father was a clerk who owned $3,000 of real estate and $15,000 of personal property by 1860. Burtwell grew up and attended school in Florence.
He enlisted in the Confederate army on April 15, 1862, and he mustered in as a private in Company C of the 16th Alabama Infantry. The regiment took part in the Battle of Chickamauga, the Atlanta campaign, and the Nashville campaign.
Burtwell returned to Florence after the war, and he earned a living as a druggist. By 1870, he owned $500 of real estate. He married Mary D. James around 1869, and they had at least three children: John, born around 1873; Lula, born around 1882; and James, born around 1884. By 1900, he was working as a farmer. He died in Florence on July 25, 1927.