Nathaniel William Taylor Root was born on November 24, 1829, in New Haven, Connecticut, to Judson and Emily Root. His father was a teacher who owned $8,000 of real estate by 1850. He grew up in New Haven, and he enrolled at Yale College in 1847. He remained there for two years, and by 1850, he was working as a teacher. He travelled to Europe in February 1853 and spent the winter in Florence, Italy. He married a woman named Charity, and they had at least three children: William, born around 1856; Florence, born around 1859; and Lawrence, born around 1869. By 1860, he was working as a minister in New Haven.
In May 1862, he received a commission as a chaplain in the 9th Rhode Island Infantry. He mustered out on September 2, 1862. He settled in Portland, Maine, after leaving the army, and he resumed his work as a minister. By 1870, he owned $1,000 of personal property. He died of smallpox in Portland on December 14, 1872.