Jeremiah Lanahan was born around 1830 in Ireland. He eventually immigrated to America and settled in Providence, Rhode Island. He married a woman named Mary, and they apparently had no children.
In August 1861, he received a commission as a 2nd lieutenant in Company I of the 3rd Rhode Island Heavy Artillery. The regiment took part in the siege of Charleston and the Battle of Honey Hill. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant in October 1861 and to captain in July 1862. He mustered out on March 17, 1865.
He worked as a clerk after the war. He enlisted in the Regular Army in March 1867, and he mustered in as a private. According to his enlistment records, he was 5 feet, 11 ¾ inches tall, with gray hair and blue eyes. He reenlisted three years later, and by July 1870, he was working as a clerk in the War Department. He died in Washington, D.C., on July 2, 1873.