John S. Corliss was born around 1819 in Alexandria, New Hampshire. He married Mary Ann Austin on November 21, 1841, and they had at least six children: Elizabeth, born around 1843; Esther, born around 1866; John, born around 1847; Melissa, born around 1852; Alonzo, born around 1854; and Isabel, born around 1857. They lived in Wilmot, New Hampshire, and Corliss worked as a laborer and farm hand. By 1860, they owned $50 of personal property.
He enlisted in the Union army on October 15, 1861, and he mustered in as a private in Company C of the 7th New Hampshire Infantry on November 6. The regiment was stationed in Florida and South Carolina. He was hospitalized on June 15, 1862, but he eventually recovered and rejoined the regiment. He died in the Battle of Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863.