Francis Marion Phelps was born on December 23, 1844, in Three Rivers, Michigan, to Nelson Phelps. His father was a teamster who owned $1,000 of real estate by 1850. His mother died when he was one year old. The family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the 1840s, and then to Appleton, Wisconsin, around 1851. His father died in the 1850s, and he went to live with an uncle.
He enlisted in the Union army on September 28, 1861, and he mustered in as a private in Company C of the 10th Wisconsin Infantry later that day. The regiment took part in the Battle of Perryville, the Battle of Stones River, and the Battle of Chickamauga. He suffered a minor injury in the fall of 1862. As he informed his friends, “all I remember is that I was just putting a ball down my gun when I felt a stirring right on my breast. I pulled down my shirt & saw the ball. I got it out & put it in my gun & sent it back to the oner [owner].” He was wounded again at Lookout Mountain, reportedly “by a log that rolled down the side of the mountain.”
In March 1864, he became a 2nd lieutenant in Company E of the 38th Wisconsin Infantry. The regiment took part in the siege of Petersburg. He was wounded in the hand in the Battle of Weldon Railroad. He remained committed to the Union war effort, writing in September 1864 that “I hope we will [have peace] but it must be honorable with no consessions on our side but what are right.” He later declared that he would “fight untill every rebel both north & south is made to feel the power of our Government.” He fiercely supported Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. When Wisconsin Democrats mailed a “large package” of Democratic ballots to the regiment, Phelps promptly burned them. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on September 6, 1864, and he mustered out on July 26, 1865.
After the war, Phelps reportedly studied law at Lawrence University. He married Alice M. Mack on June 11, 1867, and they had at least three children: Fred, born around 1872; Nelson, born around 1874; and Edith, born around 1877. They lived in De Pere, Wisconsin, and Phelps worked as a “manufacturer of hubs and stokes.” By 1870, he owned $3,500 of personal property. In 1872, a local writer praised the “quality of his productions” and noted that Phelps’ skills were so highly regarded that he was unable to “meet the demand of his customers.”
The family moved to Oakland, California, around 1875, and he worked in the lumber business there. He applied for a federal pension in January 1880, and he eventually secured one. According to his voter registration records from the 1890s, he was 6 feet tall, with brown hair and black eyes. By 1900, he was working as a mining engineer, and by the early 1900s, he owned two mines.
His wife died on December 26, 1919, and by 1920, he was living in his daughter Edith’s household in Oakland. He died there on November 6, 1928, in Oakland, California.