Charles Chase was born around 1841 in Buckfield, Maine, to Thomas and Esther Chase. His father was a farmer who owned $2,000 of real estate by 1850. He grew up and attended school in Buckfield, and he moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in the 1850s. By the early 1860s, he was working as a clerk.
During the secession crisis, he hoped politicians could craft a compromise to avert civil war. He wrote that “the Republicans are on the right ground.” He explained that “I don’t want to give [southerners] an other inch of territory for slavery…I want the Government to let the South know that they cannot break up this Union.”
He enlisted in the Union army on August 4, 1862, and he mustered in as a private in Company D of the 23rd Massachusetts Infantry. As he explained to his brother, "I know I am needed and I am going." According to his service records, he was 5 feet, 8 ½ inches tall, with brown hair and blue eyes. The regiment took part in General Ambrose Burnside’s North Carolina expedition and the Battle of Cold Harbor. He remained devoted to the Union, and he denounced the "miserable Copperheads." In March 1863, he explained that there were "plenty of [soldiers] that are as homesick as you please but I have not found a single one who is in favor of making a compromise with the traitors."
In February 1863, he declared that “We all wish to see slavery abolished but at the same time we wish to see them sent out of the country, they and the white man never can live peaceably together.” The following month, however, he added that "if the blacks will fight I am willing they should." He died at Cold Harbor on June 3, 1864.