Solomon Francis Wood was born on May 6, 1838, in Madison County, Illinois, to Joshua and Sarah Wood. His father was a farmer who owned $4,000 of real estate by 1850. Wood grew up and attended school in Madison County.
He enlisted in the Union army on August 13, 1862, and he mustered in as a private in Company K of the 80th Illinois Infantry on August 25. According to his service records, he was 6 feet tall, with light hair and black eyes. The regiment took part in the Battle of Perryville, the Chattanooga campaign, and the Atlanta campaign. He was promoted to sergeant on November 1, 1863. He was wounded in the right foot on June 10, 1864, and army officials transferred him to Company C of the 15th Veteran Reserve Corps on October 20, 1864. He mustered out on July 13, 1865.
He returned to Madison County after the war, and he married Emma Head on January 21, 1869. They had at least five children: Iva, born around 1870; Bert, born around 1876; Ethel, born around 1883; Elsie, born around 1884; and May, born around 1886. He worked as a farmer, and by 1870, the family owned $3,500 of real estate and $300 of personal property. They moved to Missouri and then to Sherman, Kansas, in the late 1800s. He applied for a federal pension in November 1879 and eventually secured one. He died in Dickinson County, Kansas, on April 27, 1901.