Daniel Smith Donelson was born on December 2, 1842, in Davidson County, Tennessee, to Andrew Jackson Donelson and Elizabeth Martin. His father was a Democratic politician and planter who owned $100,000 of real estate and $100,000 of personal property by 1860. He grew up in Tennessee, and he attended the Western Military Institute in Nashville, Tennessee, in the late 1850s.
He sided with the Confederacy during the Civil War, and he served as a sergeant in Company E of the 154th Tennessee Infantry. He later served as an adjutant with the 2nd Confederate Infantry. He surrendered as part of the Vicksburg garrison on July 4, 1863, and he spent the next few months at home. He expressed devotion to the Confederacy. In September 1863, he praised the “valor” and “patient endurance” of the Confederate army. The described the war as a “war for our very life” and assured himself that “No nation with 500,000 fighting men has yet been conquered, if they are only true to the cause which they espoused.” If “the day does come when the Stars and Stripes triumply floats over the South humiliated & subjugated,” he vowed to “meet the glorious heroes who have fallen in the cause of freedom and say, Cast not your angry frowns on me, whatever others may have done, I did my duty.”
He was exchanged on January 1, 1864, and Confederate officials ordered him to return to duty. He was killed en route, in De Soto County, Mississippi, probably on January 25, 1864, and his body was discovered three months later.