John G. Scoville was born on January 23, 1823, in Ohio. He married Ruth Chapman on January 21, 1844, and they had at least five children: Laura, born around 1846; Philander, born around 1848; Princess, born around 1855; Sylvia, born around 1856; and Ruth, born around 1859. They lived in Milan, Ohio, and Scoville worked as a carpenter. They moved to Brighton, Iowa, around 1856, and by 1860, he owned $400 of real estate and $200 of personal property.
Scoville enlisted in the Union army on July 1, 1861, and he mustered in as a private in Company F of the 6th Iowa Infantry on July 17. He expressed devotion to the Union, writing in July 1861 that "tis for our union we go forward to fite for liberty that our children and grand children may injoy it." In December 1861, he added that "i love our glorious land of libberty i love the sons of freedom i love to help mantain our lovely banner." He confessed that "a soldiers life is a hard life a life of activity but i like it better and better...while I am [a] soldier i want to do my part." In June 1862, he denounced the "curse of slavery."
The regiment took part in the Battle of Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the Battle of Chattanooga, the Atlanta campaign, and the March to the Sea. He was “wounded severely” in the left shoulder near Griswoldville, Georgia, on November 22, 1864, and he mustered out on July 29, 1865.
Scoville applied for a federal pension in February 1866, and he secured one soon afterward. By the 1880s, he was living in Russell County, Kansas. In 1889, a local writer noted that he was “old and feeble and carries the ball [from his Civil War injury] in his shoulder yet.” He died in Goshen, Ohio, on September 11, 1893.